Animal Experimentation/ Testing on a Utilitarianism View

Animal experimentation is the process by which live animals are put through various tests. They are introduced to certain conditions that cannot be exposed to human beings for fear of the complications that are unknown and may result to death in the end. The experiments are run on various animals such as guinea pigs, rats and even monkeys.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Animal Experimentation/ Testing on a Utilitarianism View specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They are used in the place of human beings because they display genomes almost similar to that of the human beings. There is still another reason why animal experiment is carried out and this is to find out about various characteristics of the animals themselves and how they may react to various circumstances (Smart William 19). Some people may find the procedure of animal experimentation as being right and fine and others may be wholly against it . There are indeed advantages that may come along with trying out animal experimentation in the end to the human beings. Taking a quick reference from the act utilitarianism, an act or activity is judged morally right depending on the number of individuals it will benefit in the end. What this theory leaves out is that there is a party that may suffer especially the weaker or the minority group. The act utilitarianism looks better in theory than in practice because in many instances, we cannot carefully analyze a situation and even have the ability to predict the future of that particular act. However, this theory is considered superior since its main goal is acquiring the multitude happiness of the highest number of people. Using the act utilitarianism animal experimentation is necessary since it can be used to reduce human suffering in the medical field. It is more important to sacrifice the suffering of several animals to carry out investigations and tests that may result into th e breakthrough of a certain cure or vaccine that may help thousands of people or even the humanity at large for many generations. In such a situation, it is not noble to let people continue dying just because some researchers were discontinued from using animals for their experiment. In the long run if a cure is found or a vaccine there are more people who will benefit and this translates to a higher number of people who are happy. The suffering of animals is what may be the reason why some people oppose the act utilitarianism in this context. However, it can be seen that the suffering of the animals can be reduced to a minimum with the use of anesthesia when carrying out procedures that may be uncomfortable or even painful. The conditions in the laboratory can be brought to suit the animal under experiment so that they may not undergo the suffering and can hence continue with the tests without raising much alarm for the activists (Fox 36).Advertising Looking for critical writi ng on biology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In most countries such as the United States of America or even in the United Kingdom, most prescription drugs before they are exposed or released to the human beings for consumption have to be tested on the animals to ensure that they have negligible or no toxicity at all. This is indeed important since it seeks to protect very many people from harm or suffering if they consume toxic medication. Sample animals for the experiment are used to test in this case to ensure the safety of thousands or even millions of people. Act utilitarianism point out that some animals such as the chimpanzees share about ninety-nine percent of the genes with the human beings and the latter shares slightly less with other animals. It can be immoral to carry out a test of a medicine or a chemical on a human being for the first time, exposing them to all sorts of complications or even death. This could have b een tried out on a non-human animal that is not greatly dependable by other animals. For example, if a child is used and they die or are incapacitated for life they run the loss of not being helpful around the house or even growing up to bring up a family and taking care of their aging parents. Animals on the other hand are greatly prolific and learn to take care of themselves the moment they are born and hence are not dependable on one another (Ellen and Jeffery 43). As mentioned before the act utilitarianism is theoretical, carrying out the actual procedure may be rather tasking, and so many other parties may be compromised in the process. For instance, some animals may be exposed to various types of bacteria and virus and if the researches are done, carrying out experiments on them may release them to the wild, having not carefully gone through the prognosis of the previous treatment. The animal may hence transmit the condition they developed from the laboratory and may end up in a pandemic in the forest or jungle and this may even make a particular species extinct. The animal experiment in this case had started to serve the larger good to a highest number of people but it ended up destroying generations’ ecological set-up and animal history. The actual analysis of the facts shows that very few medical breakthroughs have been made through human experimentation. Almost half of the prescription drugs approved in the United States of America and the United Kingdom for human consumption through the animal experiments have been withdrawn because they manifested into the side effects that were harmful to human beings. This also results into millions of animals dying in experimentation leading to a niche in the ecological balance of the animal kingdom (Francione 24). With the wake of technology animal experiment have advanced to the cloning of the animals that has seen the value of life discarded. This does not lead to the happiness of a greater number as t he scientists will have the attitude of creating and destroying animal lives at their disposal. The animal experiments give human beings the mentality that animals are objects and this raises moral questions; is there a degree of morality when it comes to handling different living beings. The chimpanzee with one percent less of genes as the human is exposed to the animal testing and yet human beings are not. To test a certain drug on a human being, their consent is necessary but in the case of animals, they are just forced to go ahead with the procedure. There are alternatives in testing drugs such as tissue culture of human cells and hence this is bound to be more accurate in the findings. However, this does not cross out animal testing as in the case of veterinary medicine, which requires only animals to be used for the accurate findings.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Animal Experimentation/ Testing on a Utilitarianism View specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Works Cited Ellen, Paul and Jeffery, Paul. Why Animal Experimentation Matters: The Use of Animals in Medical Research. Chicago: Transaction Publishers, 2001. Print Fox, Michael. The Case for Animal Experimentation: An Evolutionary and Ethical Perspective. London: University of California Press, 1986. Print Francione, Gary. Animals, Property and the Law. New York: Temple University, 1995. Print Smart, John and William, Bernard. Utilitarianism: For and Against. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973. Print This critical writing on Animal Experimentation/ Testing on a Utilitarianism View was written and submitted by user Laura Oconnor to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Essay Topics For 10th Std Students

Essay Topics For 10th Std StudentsEssay topics for 10th and students can be used to focus the reading in an appropriate manner. Most undergraduates will find the structure of an essay to be a lot easier when it is specific to their subject. The structure of a topic for the new student can then be elaborated on in the text itself. This means that an essay will appear more 'professional' and possibly easier to write than an essay based on a larger topic.The idea behind essay topics for 10th std students is to engage the reader in the text. Instead of focusing solely on the author, who is the 'author', the essay will also have a much higher quality of response from the reader. Using a specific topic for the ten-st article will limit the topic of the essay in a way. The focus will be centered on the text instead of trying to encompass a much broader area of study.While there are some common essay topics for ten-st students, the overall structure of the article may differ. In general, the se topics will have a different structure than the traditional college essays or standard graduate level essay. The main difference is that many of the steps and patterns in the structure will be left out. For example, theses are also not long forms that do not contain too much context.The writing process for a standard college essay will be more focused on using a specific format. If you use essay topics for ten-st students, the student will have less chance of experiencing this. Therefore, the process that is used by the student is likely to be different from a traditional essay.One of the most difficult parts of writing an essay for a ten-it should be the grammar. Grammar is something that many people ignore in these situations. The one thing that does not need to be stressed out is that grammar is very important and will continue to be important throughout your life as a writer. A writer's grasp of the rules of grammar will lead to higher rates of acceptance into colleges.In som e cases, the topic for the essay may be a major topic of the semester. Because of this, the essay may have to be written in a fairly condensed time frame. The reason for this is to make sure that the idea can be expressed clearly without having to use the English language. This is something that many students forget about when they begin to write the essay.In some cases, the student may write in different ways depending on the writing style. The idea behind the process is to understand the basic concept of the essay. This means that you should be able to express your thoughts using an essay topic that is different from the usual college essay.Since the essay can be composed of a number of different styles, a ten-st student should remember that they should expect to receive a higher rate of acceptance if they are accepted into a graduate level writing program. These programs tend to be a good deal harder than a typical essay writing program. If you're a ten-st and you are looking for essay topics for a ten-so, this may be a good time to look into programs that are able to help you with essay topics for ten-st.

Free Essays on The Bubonic Plague

The Bubonic Plague swept across Europe in 1348 killing millions. We now know that the disease spread by infected fleas that carried the bodies of bacteria. During the middle ages, people weren’t as educated as we are now and they blamed the plague on God, and used the Jewish as a scapegoat. This revealed much about their beliefs and knowledge. People were highly influenced by God and the Church. In Document 1, Giovanni Bocaccio says, â€Å"It started in the east either through the influence of the stars or because God’s just anger†¦Ã¢â‚¬  People weren’t aware that bacteria caused these plagues. They believed that God was punishing them. Then in Document 4, Lisabetti Contenni says that when she fed her infected husband a piece of bread touched by the body of St. Domenica, all signs of the plague disappeared. This proved how they believed that everything was caused by a higher power. They believed that God had the power to cure and kill. They believed God controlled everything that happened. They never questioned anything. People were devoted to God, and church was an enormous part of the lives of medieval people. In Document 2, Erasmus of Rotterdam says, â€Å" The plague and sickness is due to the filth in the streets†¦Ã¢â‚¬  These people weren’t advanced in medicine. They weren’t aware of the real reasons of sickness. Then in Document 5 a French doctor, H. de Rochas explained that the â€Å"poison† of the plague was taken out using toads, whose venom should draw out the disease. This also showed us that their forms of medicine weren’t very effective. The people had been using methods of healing that weren’t radical. These people’s beliefs about the plague, that it was caused by some higher power, and they’re medical beliefs portray them as a poorly advanced, religious society. If they thought so many people were wiped out because of God, they were very religious. The church controlled just about every a... Free Essays on The Bubonic Plague Free Essays on The Bubonic Plague The Bubonic Plague swept across Europe in 1348 killing millions. We now know that the disease spread by infected fleas that carried the bodies of bacteria. During the middle ages, people weren’t as educated as we are now and they blamed the plague on God, and used the Jewish as a scapegoat. This revealed much about their beliefs and knowledge. People were highly influenced by God and the Church. In Document 1, Giovanni Bocaccio says, â€Å"It started in the east either through the influence of the stars or because God’s just anger†¦Ã¢â‚¬  People weren’t aware that bacteria caused these plagues. They believed that God was punishing them. Then in Document 4, Lisabetti Contenni says that when she fed her infected husband a piece of bread touched by the body of St. Domenica, all signs of the plague disappeared. This proved how they believed that everything was caused by a higher power. They believed that God had the power to cure and kill. They believed God controlled everything that happened. They never questioned anything. People were devoted to God, and church was an enormous part of the lives of medieval people. In Document 2, Erasmus of Rotterdam says, â€Å" The plague and sickness is due to the filth in the streets†¦Ã¢â‚¬  These people weren’t advanced in medicine. They weren’t aware of the real reasons of sickness. Then in Document 5 a French doctor, H. de Rochas explained that the â€Å"poison† of the plague was taken out using toads, whose venom should draw out the disease. This also showed us that their forms of medicine weren’t very effective. The people had been using methods of healing that weren’t radical. These people’s beliefs about the plague, that it was caused by some higher power, and they’re medical beliefs portray them as a poorly advanced, religious society. If they thought so many people were wiped out because of God, they were very religious. The church controlled just about every a...

Risk Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Risk Management - Essay Example But attention must also be paid to the risks. EHR are used by may different types of healthcare delivery systems, from hospitals to private practice. By definition, "To be defined as an Electronic Health Record, an electronic approach to collecting storing and manipulating data must be able to accomplish: collection of patient health information and data, results management, order entry management, and decision support" (Health, 2007). Although this system often makes dealing with patient records more orderly and efficient, some have raised concerns over how the process of keeping these electronic records relates to issues of patient confidentiality and privacy. Because there is so much more access to the information electronically, there is also more possibility that the information will wind up in the wrong hands. In many ways, this is an ethical issue that comes down to the individual using the EHR system. This comes from the perspective that a universal ethics is possible and also that it must be based on choice. This pattern of choice must start with the individual; there cannot be a group ethic that is in agreement without individual ethics. The individual healthcare professional is a person who must make choices regarding how to behave. This behavior can be broken down into two categories: the choice as it effects the society around the person making the decision, and the decision as it affects the person making the choice. An individual could make an ethical choice to respect patient confidentiality and keep this in mind when using EHR with passwords and encryption. They could choose whether or not to tell the truth. They can make an ethical distinction between giving and taking. The list goes on and on. Ethics is ultimately seen to be a personal decision that may or may not be effected by an external group or group philosophy. In this ethical mix, "As information technology expands throughout healthcare, opportunities for breach of confidentiality become abundant, from information left on the fax machine and patient data left visible on a computer screen" (Jenkins, 2002). Therefore, it is up to the individual professional to be as vigilant as possible, and work within a technological system in a way that shows responsibility and ethics. This issue is relevant because as mentioned, today's healthcare environment is one that is quickly changing as new technology is constantly being adopted, and this technology brings risks as well as rewards. Patient privacy and confidentiality also remain relevant concerns from an ethical as well as a legal perspective in the healthcare environment. In today's healthcare setting, "Computer systems designed for clinical use apply technology that is protective of data. In addition, an electronic patient record is backed up according to hospital policy' and as the chart is modified by caregivers, those changes are automatically saved and an audit trail created" (Conner, 1999). But at the same time, this efficient means of keeping data could lead to possible compromises in patient confidentiality, because even encryption and passwords are not fool proof security systems. Confidentiality is an important aspect of any client-professional relationship. It is intricately involved with issues of trust between the

Comparison of Two Musicians Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Comparison of Two Musicians - Essay Example I am going to support the paper with various arguments from online-published interviews and articles on the musicians and look at the manner in which their creativity comes in. Focusing on the music of the new age, there are very many artists that have made reputable accomplishments in the industry and one of these musicians is Kanye West. A brief history on the artist reveals that he was born on 8 June 1977 in the United States. The musician came up using his own stylistic type of music. This is from the manner through which beats of his music expressed themselves and this was in a way that surprised many. The creativity of this artist had him present his songs with a soul setting accompanied with drums and various instruments. He went on and eventually landed the main line hip-hop character. This is a very creative aspect of the musician as very few can blend the two different categories of music. This makes him have a high affinity for collaborating with other artists in an effort to make use of his talent. When he was able to attain the high levels of main line hip-hop, his type of music generally changed and became one focused on the beats as a major aspect. He stopped paying attention to the instruments as much as he had done in his starting years. This change inspired very many people and thus increased his popularity. The fact that he had the ability to blend earlier hip-hop trends and the contemporary ones shone. Kanye West has risen to collaborate with various other artists such as Jay Z who is an icon in the hip-hop industry. Articles from various credible sources on the artists offer a lot of information about both the corporate and the private life of the musician. Kanye West gains recognition as one of the highest paid musicians in the music industry. It is for this reason that a lot of interest is given to the artist in terms of the investment decisions that he makes. An article published in the Wall Street Journal reviewed his life style in term s of whether it was an ethical decision to date Kim Kardashian, another celebrity, as it would lead to a lot of confusion in terms of his finances (Staff 13). Kanye lives a rather uptown life characterized by heavy spending. Focusing on the personal life of the celebrity, the celebrity interviewer E interviewed him in the year 2007 where he proclaimed his love for Alexis Phifer with whom they later broke off the engagement in the following year. Moreover, in 2007, his mother passed away during surgery (Kreps 41). This was quite a bummer for the musician as he depended on his fiancee for advice and moral support regarding his music. It is after this that he was noticed to go underground for a while. However, this was a turning point for his music career and his creativity established when he stopped singing many songs with the aim of entertainment but rather focused on life issues and societal conditions. Kanye’s supporters received this change kindly and this gave him more po pularity. Of the recent years, he has made numerous collaborations with Jay Z in music. This has brought many controversies as being associated with the outlawed Illuminati group of which he has stated that the music is not about promoting the culture but rather just an upcoming genre. However, very few of his fans have walked away but rather several have adopted his life style a positive effect on his career. An artist to compare to the

Importance of college education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Importance of college education - Research Paper Example I strongly believe that college education is very important in the sense that it offers better career choices and high wages likely to resolve the social instability prevailing in many families but also presents minorities with chances to climb the social ladder. However, if many people acknowledge the relevance of college education and view it as a meaningful investment, others foreground the risks related to the issue and warn about the potential danger or failure. In fact, college education is often related to high earnings and better career paths and opportunities; nevertheless, some risk factors exist stemming from a potential failure, high rates loans and unstable labor market. This study reveals: â€Å"Going to college seems to be not only profitable, but also affordable given that federal student aid programs provide guaranteed loans and tuition subsidies to needy students. Nevertheless, a number of academically talented young people do not attend a postsecondary institution † (Becker). The controversy about the importance or not of college education may explain why these smart students choose not to further their studies even though the proponents of college education might advise them to believe in the investment. College education is very important because it provides graduates with better career opportunities. Compared to high school graduates or those without any degree, college graduates have a better chance to find a more fulfilling job. Their years spent in college allow them to have a better consideration in the job market, and they may land a very good job that matches their credentials and training. Indeed, college education helps to boost the chances of those who postulate for a job and give them a better impression from recruiters. This critic observes: â€Å"In most modern society today, education has become the key element in the process of social mobility. Educational qualification and the number of years completed at schools have become the most important yardstick needed for occupational attainment† (Yusuf). This connection between college education, especially the number of years spent in school, and better career opportunities has become a reality in most societies in which education is dearly valued and reflects the person’s talent, devotion and skills. These better career opportunities also lead to higher income because the best jobs provide bigger salaries. Therefore, college education gives graduates a better chance to have a high earning compared to those who do not have their qualification. This possibility to acquire more income allows college graduates to appreciate the time they spent in school because it provides them with economic freedom and stability. This economic independence makes college education resemble a sound investment that has become most profitable. This study confirms: â€Å"Education is an investment with high return. In fact, the mean return on education is similar to that of equity, and far greater than the return to bonds or gold. The high return to assets such as equity can be justified by their high risk† (Juud). Comparing college education to equity greater than gold demonstrates the value of such a n education and the opportunity it represents to graduates. This financial aspect that allows people to earn enough money to take care of their expenses and need represents the first step toward achieving a total economic freedom. Analyzing the results of another

Coming out of My Heterophobia Closet Essay -- essays research papers

Coming out of â€Å"My Heterophobia† Closet   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Growing up in a heterosexual world as a Lesbian who remained in many closets, has shape my identity and the way I will transact with people for the rest of my life. Upon coming out of closet, or being pushed out (by suspension from parents and friends) at the age of eighteen or nineteen I quickly assumed the bi-sexual title because it meant at least there was hope for me in the future. This proved to be worse for my self-esteem, and may have caused the most damage because even though I was free to come out, I was still afraid (somewhat) of taking the big leap and being totally ostracized by my friends and people I know. So I felt one million times worst trying to be bi-sexual than I ever did being heterosexual, I knew I was betraying myself before, but now it felt like the ultimate betrayal. During the next year or so I finally got the courage to come out as a full blown Lesbian, and life has never been better.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I wanted to shave my head and start over fresh as a new person who has this fresh new identity because I wanted nothing to do with the heterosexual and bi-sexual life I had lived in the past; I was on a mission to prove I could be as gay as anyone else. That meant forsaking all straight clubs and hanging out with the straight friends that I had, cutting my hair and actively searching out other lesbians. I went to gay clubs and events and made new friends with total lesbians; I was ashamed of my straight background and even claimed to have been out of the closet for many years when in fact I had not been, I didn’t want to be a new be. I wanted to show my friends that if they couldn’t deal with me as a true lesbian, none changing, then I didn’t want them around me. I took this class because I wanted to know more about our history and try to put a face to gayness for others, an African American face, an educated face, a female face, but most of a ll a human face.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When I found out that ninety five percent of the class is straight and homophobic for the most part, I was thrilled yet sadden (because I now had the opportunity to look them in the eye and have them call me all the names I would have been called had I possessed the courage to come out sooner) but mostly thrilled because it felt great being around more gay people, e... ...d the trip to Orlando with them, that in order for them to accept me, I would first need to accept them and give them a face for an African American Jewish Lesbian, who is very well educated and from a upper middle class family, who attended the best private schools and has not become a statistic in any way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I’m happy I took this class, and actually am planning to get a certificate in Gay/Lesbian studies as soon as it is offered by the Women Studies Department. I never thought that people like Chris, Holly, Leah, Horacio and a couple like Suarmis and her boyfriend could change in six weeks what it took me years to build. I am not exempt from ignorance and acts of discrimination, the differences are I am willing to recognize them and make adjustments to my character, so that when I decide to raise children I do so unbiased. I will even try not to take the easy route by having only gay friends I will actually start communicating with the rest of the world, now that I don’t feel they are out to get me. Thank you for a class well taught and I wish you well in retirement. I wish I had the honor of studying under you in another class for another semester.